Overview

The Foreign Pollution Fee (FPF) Act is one of the U.S.' multiple attempts to implement trade regulations. The goal is to restrict imports to no more than 50% greater carbon intensity than the U.S. Korean-manufactured steel flat products are expected to be 65 to 69 percent more carbon-intensive than their U.S. counterparts, making it challenging for Korean steelmakers to avoid tariffs as the difference exceeds 50%. To secure the steel export market, a quick promotion of low-carbon technologies, such as using coke oven gas in blast furnaces to replace cokes partially and increasing inputs of scraps and direct reduced iron in basic oxygen furnaces, is necessary in the short and medium term. The government should ease the industry burden by supporting the procurement of scrap and DRI, the materials essential in the short and medium-term decarbonization process, and decarbonizing the national grid.

Executive Summary

HIGHLIGHTS

  • The U.S. Senate introduced the Foreign Pollution Fee (FPF) Act in November 2023, one of the U.S. multiple attempts to implement trade regulations imposing a tariff on carbon emissions of imported goods.

  • The FPF, proposed by Republican Senator Bill Cassidy, advocates for a tariff rate proportional to the disparity in carbon intensity between goods produced in a foreign country and the U.S. The goal is to restrict imports to no more than 50% greater carbon intensity than the U.S.

  • Korean-manufactured steel flat products are expected to be 65 to 69 percent more carbon-intensive than their U.S. counterparts, making it challenging for Korean steelmakers to avoid tariffs as the difference exceeds 50%. The FPF allows exceptional tariff exemptions or reductions through international partnerships or Free Trade Agreements within this 50% margin.

  • This suggests that the introduction of emissions-associated trade regulations, just like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), is imminent in the U.S. Against this backdrop, hydrogen reduction steelmaking, a focus of the Korean government and steelmakers and expected to be commercialized after 2030, is insufficient for a short-term solution.

  • To secure the steel export market, a quick promotion of low-carbon technologies, such as using coke oven gas (COG) in blast furnaces to replace cokes partially and increasing inputs of scraps and direct reduced iron (DRI) in basic oxygen furnaces, is necessary in the short and medium term.

  • The government should ease the industry burden by supporting the procurement of scrap and DRI, the key materials essential in the short and medium-term decarbonization process, and decarbonizing the national grid.

 


Related content

Research Track