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Energy Climate Policy Think Tank

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NEXT group is an independent energy and
climate policy think tank contributing to Asia’s
net-zero energy transition.

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A Comprehensive Assessment of Costs and Emissions in the Imported Green Hydrogen Value Chain for Korea This issue paper presents a stage-by-stage cost analysis of importing green hydrogen from Australia to Korea, covering conversion, maritime shipping, storage, re-conversion, and distribution. The analysis estimates import costs for both ammonia and liquefied hydrogen under different technological scenarios. #GreenHydrogen #imported hydrogen #carbon price #Hydrogen Economy --> A Comprehensive Assessment of Costs and Emissions in the Imported Green Hydrogen Value Chain for Korea Under current technology assumptions, ammonia imports were found to be more cost-effective (USD 2.80–7.61/kgH₂) than liquefied hydrogen (USD 5.27–9.41/kgH₂). The most economical pathway involves transporting ammonia via LNG-powered vessels and distributing it using battery electric vehicles (BEVs), with estimated costs of USD 4.30/kgH₂ by 2030 and USD 3.24/kgH₂ by 2040. -Ammonia offers roughly 1.8 times higher storage density than liquefied hydrogen in the same vessel volume, along with lower boil-off rates, resulting in reduced losses during shipping and storage. -At the re-conversion stage, ammonia cracking was approximately 8.7 times more costly than hydrogen gasification due to significantly higher energy requirements. -Despite being carbon-free, ammonia-fueled vessels are not yet cost-competitive with LNG-fueled vessels in the absence of carbon pricing. Achieving price parity would require a sufficiently high carbon price. -For inland distribution in Korea, hydrogen transport using BEVs is already more cost-efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Based on these findings, the study recommends the following to reduce overall costs and emissions across the value chain: (1) Increase investment in ammonia cracking technology to improve energy efficiency. (2) Expand R&D to scale up storage capacity and lower boil-off losses. (3) Internalize carbon pricing in the shipping and distribution stages to reflect associated emissions. 2025.05.14
Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think To stay competitive in a steel market facing global oversupply and rising trade barriers, Korea must shift toward green steel. Demand is accelerating—especially from European automakers—with projections rising from 15 million tons in 2021 to over 200 million tons by 2030. Korea’s path to market entry is through DRI-EAF technology. EAF capacity is expanding, and using a 70% DRI and 30% scrap mix can cut emissions by 81% versus BF-BOF. But success depends on securing affordable, high-quality DRI. #GreenDRI #greensteel #gasDRI #HydrogenDRI #Australia #MiddleEast --> Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think In the short term, Korea must import gas-based DRI—primarily from the Middle East, which offers the lowest cost and largest scale. Long term, hydrogen-based DRI will become essential, with Australia as a strategic partner thanks to cheap solar power and abundant ore. DRI-EAF raises production costs by about 18%. To stay competitive, Korea must scale Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) and strengthen partnerships across key regions. Without timely action, Korea risks losing its place in the emerging green steel economy. Korea must secure gas-based DRI in the short term to stay competitive in the global green steel race. ※ This issue paper is a follow-up to Korea Net Zero Steel Roadmap II (KNZS II), published by NEXT group in October 2024. document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { document.title = "NEXT group | Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think "; document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').setAttribute("content", "NEXT group | Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think "); let metaDescription = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]'); if (!metaDescription) { metaDescription = document.createElement("meta"); metaDescription.name = "description"; document.head.appendChild(metaDescription); } metaDescription.setAttribute("content", "Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think"); }); 2025.04.14
A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain Effective strategies for supporting the offshore wind supply chain industry require quantitative data on supply-demand gaps. To address this, this study employed a bottom-up approach to quantify the production capacities of domestic offshore wind supply chain companies and established a comprehensive database. Based on this database and current market conditions, respective supply and demand scenarios were developed. --> ? Content Analyzing the component-specific supply-demand gaps across combined supply and demand scenarios revealed that substructures, cables (static array and export), and mooring lines exhibit sufficient production capacity to meet or exceed projected demand in almost all scenario combinations. However, significant shortages are projected for turbine system components (nacelles, blades, and towers) in most scenarios. Notably, the most severe supply deficits involve the 15 MW-class turbine system,which could experience shortages as early as this year. Additionally, dynamic array cables for floating offshore wind currently have no production capacity domestically, leading to anticipated shortages beginning next year. Estimating the investment required to address the component-specific supply-demand gaps identified above, solely through expansion of domestic production capacity, revealed that additional facility investments ranging from a minimum of KRW 2.31 trillion to a maximum of KRW 3.04 trillion would be needed, depending on the demand scenario. To rapidly close these supply gaps, the government should facilitate timely investment through proactive financial support and by establishing a long-term offshore wind deployment roadmap. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative basis for systematically formulating strategies to support the offshore wind supply chain industry. As the first foundational research applying a scientific methodology to establish domestic offshore wind supply chain support strategies, this study is expected to serve as a guideline for determining specific timelines and financial support requirements in future policy formulation. document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { document.title = "NEXT group | A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain"; document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').setAttribute("content", "NEXT group | A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain"); let metaDescription = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]'); if (!metaDescription) { metaDescription = document.createElement("meta"); metaDescription.name = "description"; document.head.appendChild(metaDescription); } metaDescription.setAttribute("content", "A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain"); }); 2025.04.02
Carbon Budget Database In order to limit global warming to 1.5°C, countries must submit its 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC) target to the United Nations by 2025. This database sets Korea’s 2035 NDC target based on the scientific emission allowance called the carbon budget and shows the emission reduction path to net-zero by 2050. A key feature of this database is its ability to present results derived from various methodologies and assumptions. It also aims to contribute to the international community’s efforts to address climate change by considering the feasibility of emission reduction targets. --> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1741847964140'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if (divElement.offsetWidth > 800) { vizElement.style.width = '1280px'; vizElement.style.height = '795px'; } else if (divElement.offsetWidth > 500) { vizElement.style.width = '1280px'; vizElement.style.height = '795px'; } else { vizElement.style.width = '100%'; vizElement.style.height = '1627px'; } var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); --> var divElement = document.getElementById("viz1741847964140"); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName("object")[0]; vizElement.style.width = "1280px"; vizElement.style.height = "795px"; var scriptElement = document.createElement("script"); scriptElement.src = "https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js"; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); --> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { document.title = "NEXT group | Carbon Budget Database"; document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').setAttribute("content", "NEXT group | Carbon Budget Database"); let metaDescription = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]'); if (!metaDescription) { metaDescription = document.createElement("meta"); metaDescription.name = "description"; document.head.appendChild(metaDescription); } metaDescription.setAttribute("content", "In order to limit global warming to 1.5°C, countries must submit its 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC) target to the United Nations by 2025."); }); 2025.03.13

Latest Publications

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Issue Papers A Comprehensive Assessment of Costs and Emissions in the Imported Green Hydrogen Value Chain for Korea This issue paper presents a stage-by-stage cost analysis of importing green hydrogen from Australia to Korea, covering conversion, maritime shipping, storage, re-conversion, and distribution. The analysis estimates import costs for both ammonia and liquefied hydrogen under different technological scenarios. #GreenHydrogen #imported hydrogen #carbon price #Hydrogen Economy --> A Comprehensive Assessment of Costs and Emissions in the Imported Green Hydrogen Value Chain for Korea Under current technology assumptions, ammonia imports were found to be more cost-effective (USD 2.80–7.61/kgH₂) than liquefied hydrogen (USD 5.27–9.41/kgH₂). The most economical pathway involves transporting ammonia via LNG-powered vessels and distributing it using battery electric vehicles (BEVs), with estimated costs of USD 4.30/kgH₂ by 2030 and USD 3.24/kgH₂ by 2040. -Ammonia offers roughly 1.8 times higher storage density than liquefied hydrogen in the same vessel volume, along with lower boil-off rates, resulting in reduced losses during shipping and storage. -At the re-conversion stage, ammonia cracking was approximately 8.7 times more costly than hydrogen gasification due to significantly higher energy requirements. -Despite being carbon-free, ammonia-fueled vessels are not yet cost-competitive with LNG-fueled vessels in the absence of carbon pricing. Achieving price parity would require a sufficiently high carbon price. -For inland distribution in Korea, hydrogen transport using BEVs is already more cost-efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Based on these findings, the study recommends the following to reduce overall costs and emissions across the value chain: (1) Increase investment in ammonia cracking technology to improve energy efficiency. (2) Expand R&D to scale up storage capacity and lower boil-off losses. (3) Internalize carbon pricing in the shipping and distribution stages to reflect associated emissions. 2025.05.14 / Seungwan Kim et al
etc Understanding U.S. Renewable Energy Tax Credits U.S. Renewable Energy InvestmentU.S. investment in renewable energy gained momentum after the Energy Policy Act of 2005 increased tax credit rates from 10% to 30%. A complex tax equity market with layered limited liability company (LLC) structures emerged to capitalize on the substantial tax benefits, attracting investors seeking large tax deductions. However, this investment structure became popular primarily among large financial institutions due to high tax expertise requirements and initial commitments to absorb significant amounts of tax credits.The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 significantly changed this environment by expanding the scope of tax credits from individual household electric vehicles (EVs) to large-scale carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) facilities. The introduction of transferability and direct pay provisions allowed for a more flexible investment structure, attracting a diverse range of investors.The core mechanism of the Inflation Reduction Act's tax credit system directly reduces investors' tax liabilities through using credits. Although this mechanism requires specialized investment and financing structures, optimal structuring can yield substantial first-year tax credits. These credits typically range from 30% to 70% of construction costs and include additional incentives.However, tax credits must be claimed directly through the investor's corporate tax returns and may be subject to recapture by the IRS through audits. As a result, shareholders must carefully manage corporate structures and address various tax and accounting issues to maintain appropriate investment forms.The Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and Production Tax Credit (PTC) are specialized tax incentives designed specifically for renewable energy projects. The PTC has been applied to solar energy projects, so investors can now choose between the ITC and the PTC based on factors such as power output, investment costs, and expected returns.Investments in the energy sector significantly impact on the overall economy, contributing approximately $1.9 trillion to GDP growth, creating an average of 1.2 million additional jobs annually, and stabilizing electricity prices.Table of Contents1.Background of the U.S. Renewable Energy Tax Credit1.1 Emergence of the IRA1.2 Renewable Energy Support Mechanisms under the IRA2.Renewable Energy Investment Utilizing Tax Credits2.1 U.S. Tax System and Characteristics of Tax Credits- U.S. Tax System- Tax Credit Features2.2 Renewable Energy Tax Credit Elements and Methods- Business Entity Structure- Practical Application of Tax Credits- ITC Recapture Risk- Power Plant Investment2.3 ITC and PTC for Renewable Energy Investments2.4 PTC for Manufacturers3.Economic Impact4.Conclusion 2025.04.29 / Minho Lee (S&B Consulting)
Issue Papers Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think To stay competitive in a steel market facing global oversupply and rising trade barriers, Korea must shift toward green steel. Demand is accelerating—especially from European automakers—with projections rising from 15 million tons in 2021 to over 200 million tons by 2030. Korea’s path to market entry is through DRI-EAF technology. EAF capacity is expanding, and using a 70% DRI and 30% scrap mix can cut emissions by 81% versus BF-BOF. But success depends on securing affordable, high-quality DRI. #GreenDRI #greensteel #gasDRI #HydrogenDRI #Australia #MiddleEast --> Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think In the short term, Korea must import gas-based DRI—primarily from the Middle East, which offers the lowest cost and largest scale. Long term, hydrogen-based DRI will become essential, with Australia as a strategic partner thanks to cheap solar power and abundant ore. DRI-EAF raises production costs by about 18%. To stay competitive, Korea must scale Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) and strengthen partnerships across key regions. Without timely action, Korea risks losing its place in the emerging green steel economy. Korea must secure gas-based DRI in the short term to stay competitive in the global green steel race. ※ This issue paper is a follow-up to Korea Net Zero Steel Roadmap II (KNZS II), published by NEXT group in October 2024. document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { document.title = "NEXT group | Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think "; document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').setAttribute("content", "NEXT group | Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think "); let metaDescription = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]'); if (!metaDescription) { metaDescription = document.createElement("meta"); metaDescription.name = "description"; document.head.appendChild(metaDescription); } metaDescription.setAttribute("content", "Green Steel: an Opportunity Closer Than You Think"); }); 2025.04.14 / Rachel Eun Ko
Issue Papers A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain Effective strategies for supporting the offshore wind supply chain industry require quantitative data on supply-demand gaps. To address this, this study employed a bottom-up approach to quantify the production capacities of domestic offshore wind supply chain companies and established a comprehensive database. Based on this database and current market conditions, respective supply and demand scenarios were developed. --> ? Content Analyzing the component-specific supply-demand gaps across combined supply and demand scenarios revealed that substructures, cables (static array and export), and mooring lines exhibit sufficient production capacity to meet or exceed projected demand in almost all scenario combinations. However, significant shortages are projected for turbine system components (nacelles, blades, and towers) in most scenarios. Notably, the most severe supply deficits involve the 15 MW-class turbine system,which could experience shortages as early as this year. Additionally, dynamic array cables for floating offshore wind currently have no production capacity domestically, leading to anticipated shortages beginning next year. Estimating the investment required to address the component-specific supply-demand gaps identified above, solely through expansion of domestic production capacity, revealed that additional facility investments ranging from a minimum of KRW 2.31 trillion to a maximum of KRW 3.04 trillion would be needed, depending on the demand scenario. To rapidly close these supply gaps, the government should facilitate timely investment through proactive financial support and by establishing a long-term offshore wind deployment roadmap. The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative basis for systematically formulating strategies to support the offshore wind supply chain industry. As the first foundational research applying a scientific methodology to establish domestic offshore wind supply chain support strategies, this study is expected to serve as a guideline for determining specific timelines and financial support requirements in future policy formulation. document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { document.title = "NEXT group | A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain"; document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').setAttribute("content", "NEXT group | A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain"); let metaDescription = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]'); if (!metaDescription) { metaDescription = document.createElement("meta"); metaDescription.name = "description"; document.head.appendChild(metaDescription); } metaDescription.setAttribute("content", "A Window of Opportunity: Quantitative Analysis of the Production Capacity of Key Components in the Korean Offshore Wind Supply Chain"); }); 2025.04.02 / Eunsung Kim et al
Reports NEXT group has released 2024 annual report NEXT group has released its inaugural annual report, summarizing key activities and outcomes from 2024. NEXT group navigated 2024 with research that drives bold policy adoption through an insider approach and strategic engagement with multiple stakeholders. Significant progress was made in the following areas: Strengthening the 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target Facilitating discussions on coal phase-out Addressing challenges in offshore wind market development Accelerating decarbonization in the steel and petrochemical industries Building public support through strategic outreach NEXT group successfully collaborated with leading research institutions, civil society organizations, and philanthropic entities, including Agora Energiewende, the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea, the International Network of Energy Transition Think Tanks, the Korea Institute of Energy Technology, TARA, and U.S. National Laboratories. Looking ahead to 2025, NEXT group will refine its 2024 efforts by developing implementation strategies for coal phase-out, industrial decarbonization (steel and petrochemical sectors), and offshore wind supply chains. Additionally, the organization will expand its international engagement by establishing regional partnerships in ASEAN countries and disseminating its proprietary OPEN-Model with regional partners. --> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { document.title = "NEXT group | NEXT group has released 2024 annual report"; document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').setAttribute("content", "NEXT group | NEXT group has released 2024 annual report"); let metaDescription = document.querySelector('meta[name="description"]'); if (!metaDescription) { metaDescription = document.createElement("meta"); metaDescription.name = "description"; document.head.appendChild(metaDescription); } metaDescription.setAttribute("content", "NEXT group has released 2024 annual report, summarizing key activities and outcomes from 2024."); }); 2025.03.12 / NEXT group

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개인정보보호법에 따라 회원가입 신청하시는 분께 수집하는 개인정보의 항목, 개인정보의 수집 및 이용목적, 개인정보의 보유 및 이용기간, 동의 거부권 및 동의 거부 시 불이익에 관한 사항을 안내 드리오니 자세히 읽은 후 동의하여 주시기 바랍 니다. 1. 수집하는 개인정보 이용자는 회원가입을 하지 않아도 정보 검색, 뉴스 보기 등 대부분의 Next group 동의 거부권 및 동의 거부 시 불이익 에 관한 사항을 안내 드리오니 자세히 읽은 후 동의하여 주시기 바랍니다. 개인정보보호법에 따라 회원가입 신청하시는 분께 수집하는 개인정보의 항목, 개인정보의 수집 및 이용목적, 개인정보의 개인정보보호법에 따라 회원가입 신청하시는 분께 수집하는 개인정보의 항목, 개인정보의 수집 및 이용목적, 개인정보의 보유 및 이용기간, 동의 거부권 및 동의 거부 시 불이익에 관한 사항을 안내 드리오니 자세히 읽은 후 동의하여 주시기 바랍 니다. 1. 수집하는 개인정보 이용자는 회원가입을 하지 않아도 정보 검색, 뉴스 보기 등 대부분의 Next group 동의 거부권 및 동의 거부 시 불이익 에 관한 사항을 안내 드리오니 자세히 읽은 후 동의하여 주시기 바랍니다. 개인정보보호법에 따라 회원가입 신청하시는 분께 수집하는 개인정보의 항목, 개인정보의 수집 및 이용목적, 개인정보의