Overview

The European Parliament passed a resolution on March 11 called "A WTO-Compatible EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism," which partially outlines the direction of EU CBAM desired by EP and how it can be applied. It is now clear that Korea's major export manufacturing sectors including petrochemical and steel industries to the EU are likely to be most affected by CBAM regulation. How much the Korean exporting companies would have to pay more?

Executive Summary

 < Contents >

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION

Ⅱ. SURGING DEMAND FOR NET-ZERO STEEL PRODUCTION

Ⅲ. CARBON EMISSIONS BY THE KOREAN STEEL INDUSTRY

 1. KOREAN STEEL PRODUCTION AND DEMAND

 2. CARBON EMISSION STRUCTURE AND THE STATUS OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY

Ⅳ. KEY NET-ZERO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE KOREAN STEEL INDUSTRY

 1. LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY UTILIZING EXISTING STEEL PRODUCTION FACILITIES

 2. H2-DRI-EAF

 3. BF-BOF-CCS INTRODUCTION

Ⅴ. NET-ZERO ROADMAP AND STRATEGY FOR THE KOREAN STEEL INDUSTRY

 1. NET-ZERO ROADMAP FOR THE KOREAN STEEL INDUSTRY TO ACHIEVE THE 1.5℃ GOAL

 2. LCOS AND CARBON ABATEMENT COST

Ⅵ. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO SUPPORT THE DECARBONIZATION OF THE KOREAN STEEL INDUSTRY

 1. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING NET-ZERO ROADMAPS IN KOREA 

 2. CARBON CONTRACT FOR DIFFERENCE

 3. GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IMPROVEMENT

Ⅶ. PUBLIC-PRIVATE COLLABORATION REQUIRED MORE THAN EVER 

APPENDIX 1.  ASSUMPTIONS FOR CALCULATING CARBON EMISSION INTENSITY BY STEELMAKING PROCESS

APPENDIX 2. ASSUMPTIONS FOR CALCULATING LCOS AND CARBON ABATEMENT COST

APPENDIX 3. CCS COSTS FOR BF-BOFS

APPENDIX 4. CHALLENGES FACED BY H2-DRI-EAF

References

 

I. EU carbon border adjustment mechanism is becoming more concrete with each passing day

•    Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which has been discussed since last year, is undergoing system refinement with the aim of passing the European Parliament (EP) in the second quarter of this year.

   The European Parliament passed a resolution on March 11 called "A WTO-Compatible EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism," which partially outlines the direction of EU CBAM desired by EP and how it can be applied.

 

 

 

 

•    This proposal does not appear to deviate significantly from the previously discussed scenario, yet it is notable that the European Parliament has clarified its position on some of the highly uncertain agendas, such as the target industries, export rebates, and the use of self-emission measurements of the country of origin. 

•     It is expected that the European Commission will plan legislation by drawing heavily on the resolutions of the European Parliament.

 

•     Korea's chemical and steel industries, the two major export items to the EU, are likely to be most affected by CBAM regulation.

 

 

II.EU CBAM Export Impact Analysis - Petrochemical 

1. EU export status

•     Korea is the third largest importer of chemicals into the EU, accounting for 12.1% of imports. China ranks fifth with 6.7%.

•     Korea exported 4.5 trillion won ($4 billion) in petrochemicals and plastics to the EU as of 2020, representing 8% of its total exports to the EU.

 

2. Carbon emissions in the petrochemical industry

•     Typically, petrochemical products are created through combustion and physical or chemical processes such as pyrolysis.As not all carbon components in raw materials are incorporated in finished products, but rather converted into byproducts such as by-product oil, by-product gas, waste gas, etc., carbon is released during manufacturing.

 

•   Petrochemical products can be classified into three: upstream products produced from naphtha, such as ethylene, propylene, and butadiene; polymer products made by processing upstream products, such as synthetic resins, synthetic resin raw materials, synthetic rubber; and downstream products that include synthetic detergent, organic solvents, dyes, and pesticides.

 

 

3. The effect of EU CBAM on the price competitiveness of petrochemical products

•          Propylene, which was examined, is an important upstream basic oil that serves a material for the next value chain along with ethylene. EU CBAM’s influence on propylene has a chain-price effect on downstream products, so the impact on the petrochemical sector as a whole can also be inferred.

Major Assumption 

1        In recognition of Korea's carbon credit price, the discount rate (27.3%) equal to the difference with the EUA is applied

※ Carbon credit allocated to Korea as of May 2021 is KRW 18,300, EUA 49.82 euros (approximately KRW 67,000)

 

2        Emission trading in China's power sector is not considered.

※ Although the system has been implemented since 2021, the price of Chinese carbon credits does not reflect the reasonable cost of carbon due to the relatively short history of its use.

3        Consider that the additional amount borne by the exporter due to EU CBAM is fully reflected in the export price.

Analysis Results 

 

 

 

 

•     Korea will need to purchase EUA worth $56.8 per ton of propylene exports, which will lead to a 5.9% increase in export prices.

 - When compared to before the application of EU CBAM, the price gap with China has narrowed. However, the relative price ranking has not changed, and the price competitiveness has fallen from 14% to 9% compared to EU products.

 

•     The proportion of indirect emissions (Scope 2) due to power consumption accounts for 28% of the EUA purchase cost.

 

4. Implications: Minimum annual industrial burden of KRW 256.8 billion and low relative carbon competitiveness

•     In the petrochemical export market to the EU alone, there will be an industrial burden of more than $230 million (256.8 billion won).

   - If a 5.9% border adjustment tax occurs in propylene, downstream products will incur more than that.

 

•     It has been found that Korea's petrochemical industry's carbon intensity has narrowed its price gap with China, a major export competitor, but not low enough to reverse its ranking.

 

III.EU CBAM Export Impact Analysis - Steel


1. EU export status

•     Together with China, Korea is the fourth largest steel importer into the EU, after Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine, accounting for 8% of the EU's steel imports.

•     Exports of steel products to the EU accounted for 5% of Korea's total exports to the EU in 2020, with a value of $2.57 billion (KRW 2.9 trillion).

 

2. Carbon emissions in the steel industry

   Typically, the steel industry follows the ‘integrated iron and steel making process’: an iron making process in which iron ore and coke are burnt together in a blast furnace so that oxygen is removed from the iron ore, which is then dissolved to form pig iron; a steel making process that involves putting iron mold and iron scraps into a basic oxygen furnace and injecting high-pressure oxygen to remove impurities; and, a rolling process in which specific shapes are created according to the purpose of use.

  - Because coal is used to oxidize iron ore in the iron making process, more than 83% of the total carbon emission is generated in this iron making process, while 9% is generated in the steel making process.



•     As an addition to the existing iron and steel making process, there is a method of melting steel scraps instead of iron ore using an electric arc furnace (electric process). Since coal is not used as a deoxidant, carbon emissions from this process only amount to about one-sixth of the current integrated steel making process.

 

•     An important factor affecting the carbon intensity of each country's steel industry is the ratio of integrated steel making processes to electric furnace processes.

  - While electric arc furnaces predominate in the United States and Europe, integrated steel making processes predominate in China (Figure 7).

  - Korea has a 67% integrated steelmaking process and 33% electric furnace process (as of 2018), which is roughly the same as the average worldwide.

 

3. Impact of EU CBAM on price competitiveness of steel products

          Propylene, which was examined, is an important upstream basic oil that serves a material for the next value chain along with ethylene. EU CBAM’s influence on propylene has a chain-price effect on downstream products, so the impact on the petrochemical sector as a whole can also be inferred.


 Major Assumption

1        In recognition of Korea's carbon credit price, the discount rate (27.3%) equal to the difference with the EUA is applied

※     Carbon credit allocated to Korea as of May 2021 is KRW 18,300, EUA 49.82 euros (approximately KRW 67,000)

2        Emission trading in China's power sector is not considered.

※     Although the system has been implemented since 2021, the price of Chinese carbon credits does not reflect the reasonable cost of carbon due to the relatively short history of its use.

3        Consider that the additional amount borne by the exporter due to EU CBAM is fully reflected in the export price

4       The EU-ETS benchmark applied to the assumption is calculated differently by reflecting the ratio of the integrated steel making process and the electric furnace process in each country (Table 7).


 

 

Analysis Results

 

 

 

 

•     Korea will need to purchase EUA worth $18.9 per ton of crude steel exports, which will lead to a 2.4% increase in export prices.

 

•     The proportion of indirect emissions (Scope 2) due to power consumption accounts for 30% of the EUA purchase cost.

 

•     Compared to before the application of EU CBAM, price competitiveness is offset by 4.8% → 2.5% in relation to EU products. As the price becomes about 3% cheaper than Chinese products, the price is set in the order of China > EU > Korea.

  - One of the reasons for the low impact is that the proportion of electric furnace processes in Korea is not significantly different from that of the EU (EU: 42%, Korea: 33%, China: 13%).

  - Additionally, it is estimated that the FINEX method introduced by POSCO contributed to carbon reduction by replacing some furnaces with fluidized reduction furnaces.


 

4. Implications: Korean steel industry has a price advantage over its competitors, but prospects are uncertain

•     It is estimated that $62 million (69.2 billion won) will be the burden on the steel export market to EU, which is not as much affected given the size of the industry. Furthermore, it has been less affected by CBAM than China, a competitor in the EU export market, so there is a chance to gain a relative advantage.

 

•     However, there is greater concern about the future of the steel industry than there is now.

 - As the steel industry increases hydrogen reduction processes and electric furnaces to decarbonize processes, it will consume more electricity.→ This makes decarbonization of the power grid an urgent issue.

   - Due to the fact that the United States produces two-thirds of its steel through electric furnaces,[1] the carbon competitiveness gap will be severe in comparison to the United States. → In the event that the United States adopts border measures similar to CBAM in the future, the cost burden is expected to be enormous.

IV. Conclusion: It's about who adapts faster

An era of competition with carbon is here - It can be a great opportunity

•     Although there is a vague fear of EU CBAM in the industry, the impact on exports to the EU is expected to be manageable by the affected Korean industries within a relatively short term. As a matter of fact, it may be an opportunity to gain an advantage over some competitors.

 

•     Nevertheless, the U.S. is also considering border measures similar to CBAM and Japan is contemplating introducing similar measures, which suggest that emission-based tariffs will become the standard for international trade in the future.→ The level of change is expected to be fundamental and structural, with significant impacts in the mid- to long-term.

China is rushing to catch up 

•     The raw emission level in Korea's manufacturing industry currently lies between the levels of advanced and developing countries; however, China's progress is so rapid that a quick response is necessary.

  - In contrast to Korea, where the power emission factor remains stagnant, China is rapidly reducing the power emission factor via renewable energy, which will lead to a rapid decrease in Scope 2 emissions (Figure 10, 11).

 

 

If China quickly implements an emissions trading system in its power sector, Korea's relative competitiveness cannot be guaranteed since the border adjustment tax cut could be allowed under EU CBAM.

 

Mid- to long-term planning, large-scale investment, and speed

•     Up until now, the industries have regarded climate risk as nothing more than compliance and CSR activities. However, climate risks are already making their way into the economy, and the pace is expected to accelerate along with global trends.→ Mid- to long-term planning, quick decisions on large-scale investments, and swift implementation are the keys to industrial competitiveness.

 

•     Parallel with this, the government should aggressively promote measures to decarbonize the power grid, such as removing coal-fired power, accelerating the supply of renewable energy, and restructuring the power grid's operation system to better accommodate distributed energy.

Reference 

American Steel and Iron Institute. (2020). ‘How Steel is Made’ American Steel and Iron Institute. Web. https://www.steel.org/steel-technology/steel-roduction/

BNEF. (2020). ‘Net-zero Steel and Recycling Beyond 2050’

ERCST. (2021). Border Carbon Adjustment in the EU: Sectoral Deep Dive.

Reuters. (2021). ‘Analysts raise EU carbon price forecasts after bull run’ Reuters. web. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-carbon-poll/analysts-raise-eu-arbon-price-forecasts-after-bull-run-idUKKBN29N0ZJ

 


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